#separator:tab #html:true #columns:Front Back ❤️ 爱 (ài) to love
我爱我的家人。 — I love my family.
💡 The traditional form contains 心 (heart) inside — love comes from the heart. 👍 爱好 (ài hào) to like; to be fond of; to take pleasure in; to be keen on 8️⃣ 八 (bā) eight; 8 👨 爸 (bà) father; dad 👨 爸爸 (bà ba) (coll.) father; dad 吧 (bā) bar (loanword) (serving drinks, or providing Internet access etc) 白 (Bái) surname Bai 白天 (bái tiān) daytime; during the day 百 (Bǎi) surname Bai 班 (Bān) surname Ban 半 (bàn) half; semi- 📅 半年 (bàn nián) half a year 半天 (bàn tiān) half of the day 帮 (bāng) old variant of 帮 帮忙 (bāng máng) to help; to lend a hand 包 (Bāo) surname Bao 包子 (bāo zi) bao (steamed stuffed bun) ☕ 杯 (bēi) cup; trophy cup ☕ 杯子 (bēi zi) cup; glass 🧭 北 (běi) north; (classical) to be defeated 🧭 北边 (běi biān) north; north side 北京 (Běi jīng) Beijing, capital of the People's Republic of China 本 (běn) root; stem 📖 本子 (běn zi) book; notebook 比 (Bǐ) Belgium; Belgian 别 (Bié) surname Bie 别的 (bié de) else; other 别人 (bié ren) other people; others; other person 病 (bìng) illness; disease 病人 (bìng rén) sick person; patient 不 (bù) no; not
我不是老师。 — I am not a teacher.
💡 The all-purpose negation word — placed directly before the word it negates. 不大 (bù dà) not very; not too 不对 (bù duì) incorrect; wrong 不客气 (bù kè qi) you're welcome 不用 (bù yòng) need not 🍽️ 菜 (cài) dish (type of food) 🍵 茶 (chá) tea; tea plant 差 (chā) difference; discrepancy 常 (Cháng) surname Chang 常常 (cháng cháng) frequently; often 🎤 唱 (chàng) to sing; to call loudly 🎤 唱歌 (chàng gē) to sing a song 车 (Chē) surname Che 🎫 车票 (chē piào) ticket (for a bus or train) 🚗 车上 (chē shàng) Car 🚉 车站 (chē zhàn) rail station 🍽️ 吃 (chī) to eat
我们去吃饭吧。 — Let's go eat.
💡 Contains the "mouth" radical 口 — a character about the mouth doing something. 吃饭 (chī fàn) to have a meal 出 (chū) to go out; to come out 出来 (chū lái) to come out; to appear 出去 (chū qù) to go out 穿 (chuān) to wear; to put on 🛏️ 床 (chuáng) bed; couch 次 (cì) next in sequence 从 (cóng) variant of 从 错 (Cuò) surname Cuo 打 (dá) dozen (loanword) 🚕 打车 (dǎ chē) to take a taxi (in town) 📱 打电话 (dǎ diàn huà) to make a telephone call 🔓 打开 (dǎ kāi) to open; to show (a ticket) 🎮 打球 (dǎ qiú) to play ball 大 (dà) big; large; great 大学 (Dà xué) the Great Learning, one of the Four Books 四书 in Confucianism 🧑‍🎓 大学生 (dà xué shēng) university student 到 (dào) to reach; to arrive 地 (de) -ly; structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct 地点 (dì diǎn) place; site 地方 (dì fāng) region; regional (away from the central administration) 地上 (dì shang) on the ground 🗺️ 地图 (dì tú) map 的 (de) of; ~'s (possessive particle) 得到 (dé dào) to get; to obtain 等 (děng) class; rank 👦 弟 (dì) younger brother 👦 弟弟 (dì di) younger brother 第 (dì) (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 六 "sixth") 第二 (dì èr) second; number two 点 (diǎn) point; dot ⚡ 电 (diàn) lightning; electricity 📱 电话 (diàn huà) telephone; phone call 💻 电脑 (diàn nǎo) computer 📺 电视 (diàn shì) television; TV 📺 电视机 (diàn shì jī) television set 🎬 电影 (diàn yǐng) movie; film 🎬 电影院 (diàn yǐng yuàn) cinema; movie theater 东 (Dōng) surname Dong 🧭 东边 (dōng bian) east; east side 东西 (dōng xī) east and west 动 (dòng) (of sth) to move 动作 (dòng zuò) movement; motion; action 都 (Dū) surname Du 读 (dòu) comma; phrase marked by pause 📖 读书 (dú shū) to read a book ➡️ 对 (duì) right; correct 对不起 (duì bu qǐ) I'm sorry; excuse me; I beg your pardon 多 (duō) many; much; too many; in excess 🔢 多少 (duō shǎo) number; amount 饿 (è) to be hungry 👦 儿子 (ér zi) son 2️⃣ 二 (èr) two; 2 🍚 饭 (fàn) cooked rice; meal 🍽️ 饭店 (fàn diàn) restaurant; hotel 🚪 房间 (fáng jiān) room 🏠 房子 (fáng zi) house; building (single- or two-story) 放 (fàng) to put; to place 🎉 放假 (fàng jià) to have a holiday or vacation 放学 (fàng xué) to dismiss students at the end of the school day 🛫 飞 (fēi) to fly ✈️ 飞机 (fēi jī) airplane 非常 (fēi cháng) very; really 分 (fēn) to divide; to separate 🌬️ 风 (fēng) wind; news 干 (gān) old variant of 干 干净 (gān jìng) clean; neat 干什么 (gàn shén me) what are you doing? 高 (Gāo) surname Gao 😄 高兴 (gāo xìng) happy; glad 告诉 (gào sù) to press charges; to file a complaint 哥 (gē) elder brother 👦 哥哥 (gē ge) older brother 🎵 歌 (gē) song; to sing 个 (gě) used in 自个儿 给 (gěi) to; for 跟 (gēn) heel; to follow closely 工人 (gōng rén) worker 💼 工作 (gōng zuò) to work; (of a machine) to operate 关 (Guān) surname Guan 🔒 关上 (guān shàng) to close (a door) 贵 (guì) expensive; noble 国 (Guó) surname Guo 🌏 国家 (guó jiā) country; nation; state 国外 (guó wài) abroad; external (affairs) 过 (Guō) surname Guo 还 (Huán) surname Huan 还是 (hái shi) still (as before) 还有 (hái yǒu) furthermore; in addition 🧒 孩子 (hái zi) child 🗣️ 汉语 (Hàn yǔ) Chinese language 汉字 (hàn zì) Chinese character 好 (hǎo) good; appropriate; proper 好吃 (hǎo chī) tasty; delicious 好看 (hǎo kàn) good-looking 好听 (hǎo tīng) pleasant to hear 好玩儿 (hǎo wán r) erhua variant of 好玩 号 (háo) roar; cry 🥤 喝 (hē) to drink
你想喝什么? — What would you like to drink?
💡 Also contains 口 (mouth) — easy to confuse with 吃 (eat) at first, so learn them as a pair. 和 (hé) old variant of 和 很 (hěn) (adverb of degree) 后 (Hòu) surname Hou 后边 (hòu bian) the back; the rear; the last bit 📅 后天 (hòu tiān) the day after tomorrow 花 (Huā) surname Hua 话 (huà) dialect; language 坏 (huài) bad; spoiled 回 (huí) to circle; to go back 回答 (huí dá) to reply; to answer 回到 (huí dào) to return to 🏠 回家 (huí jiā) to return home 回来 (huí lai) to return; to come back 回去 (huí qu) to return; to go back 会 (huì) can; to have the skill; to know how to 🚆 火车 (huǒ chē) train ✈️ 机场 (jī chǎng) airport; airfield 🎫 机票 (jī piào) air ticket; passenger ticket 🥚 鸡蛋 (jī dàn) (chicken) egg 🪑 几 (jī) small table 记 (jì) to record; to note 记得 (jì de) to remember 记住 (jì zhu) to remember; to bear in mind 🏠 家 (jiā) home; family
我家有四口人。 — There are four people in my family.
💡 The character shows a roof (宀) over a pig (豕) — historically, a home meant keeping livestock. 🏠 家里 (jiā lǐ) home 👨‍👩‍👧 家人 (jiā rén) family member 间 (jiān) between; among 👀 见 (jiàn) to see; to meet 见面 (jiàn miàn) to meet; to see each other 叫 (jiào) to shout; to call 教 (Jiào) surname Jiao 教学楼 (jiào xué lóu) teaching block 介绍 (jiè shào) to introduce (sb to sb) 👧 姐 (jiě) older sister 👧 姐姐 (jiě jie) older sister 📅 今年 (jīn nián) this year 📅 今天 (jīntiān) today
今天天气很好。 — The weather is nice today.
💡 今 (present/now) + 天 (day) — "this day". 进 (jìn) to go forward 进来 (jìn lái) to come in 进去 (jìn qù) to go in 9️⃣ 九 (jiǔ) nine; 9 就 (jiù) (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 🤔 觉得 (jué de) to think that ...; to feel that ... 🔓 开 (kāi) to open (transitive or intransitive) 🚗 开车 (kāi chē) to drive a car 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 开会 (kāi huì) to hold a meeting 🎮 开玩笑 (kāi wán xiào) to play a joke 👀 看 (kān) to look after 🧑‍⚕️ 看病 (kàn bìng) to visit a doctor 👀 看到 (kàn dào) to see 👀 看见 (kàn jiàn) to see; to catch sight of 考 (kǎo) to beat; to hit 📝 考试 (kǎo shì) to take an exam 渴 (kě) thirsty 课 (kè) subject; course 课本 (kè běn) textbook 课文 (kè wén) text 👄 口 (kǒu) mouth; classifier for things with mouths (people, domestic animals, cannons, wells etc) 块 (kuài) lump; chunk; piece 快 (kuài) rapid; quick 来 (lái) to come; (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 来到 (lái dào) to arrive; to come 老 (lǎo) prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 👩 老人 (lǎo rén) old man or woman 🧑‍🏫 老师 (lǎoshī) teacher
王老师教我们中文。 — Teacher Wang teaches us Chinese.
💡 老 (old/experienced) + 师 (master) — an experienced master of a subject. 了 (le) (completed action marker) 累 (lěi) to accumulate 冷 (Lěng) surname Leng 里 (lǐ) variant of 里 里边 (lǐ bian) inside 2️⃣ 两 (liǎng) two; both 0️⃣ 零 (líng) zero; nought 6️⃣ 六 (liù) six; 6 楼 (Lóu) surname Lou 楼上 (lóu shàng) upstairs; (Internet slang) previous poster in a forum thread 楼下 (lóu xià) downstairs 路 (Lù) surname Lu 路口 (lù kǒu) crossing; intersection (of roads) 🛣️ 路上 (lù shang) on the road; on a journey 妈 (mā) ma; mom 妈妈 (mā ma) mama; mommy 🛣️ 马路 (mǎ lù) street; road 马上 (mǎ shàng) at once; right away 吗 (má) (coll.) what? 🛒 买 (mǎi) to buy; to purchase 慢 (màn) slow 忙 (máng) busy; hurriedly 毛 (Máo) surname Mao 没 (méi) (negative prefix for verbs) have not; not 没关系 (méi guān xi) it doesn't matter 没什么 (méi shén me) nothing; it doesn't matter ⏰ 没事儿 (méi shì r) to have spare time 没有 (méi yǒu) haven't; hasn't 👧 妹 (mèi) younger sister 👧 妹妹 (mèi mei) younger sister 门 (Mén) surname Men 门口 (mén kǒu) doorway; gate 🎫 门票 (mén piào) ticket (for theater, cinema etc) 们 (men) plural marker for pronouns, and nouns referring to individuals 🍚 米饭 (mǐ fàn) (cooked) rice 🍞 面包 (miàn bāo) bread 面条儿 (miàn tiáo r) erhua variant of 面条 名字 (míng zi) name (of a person or thing) 明白 (míng bai) clear; obvious 📅 明年 (míng nián) next year 📅 明天 (míngtiān) tomorrow
我们明天见。 — See you tomorrow.
💡 明 (bright/next) + 天 (day) — the "next bright day". 拿 (ná) old variant of 拿 哪 (nǎ) how; which 哪儿 (nǎ r) where?; wherever; anywhere; somewhere 哪里 (nǎ lǐ) where?; somewhere 哪些 (nǎ xiē) which ones?; who? 那 (Nā) surname Na 那边 (nà bian) over there; yonder 那儿 (nà r) there 那里 (nà li) there; that place 那些 (nà xiē) those 奶 (nǎi) breast; milk 奶奶 (nǎi nai) (informal) grandma (paternal grandmother) 男 (nán) male; Baron, lowest of five orders of nobility 位 男孩儿 (nán hái r) erhua variant of 男孩 男朋友 (nán péng you) boyfriend 👨 男人 (nán rén) a man; a male 男生 (nán shēng) schoolboy; male student 南 (Nán) surname Nan 🧭 南边 (nán bian) south; south side 难 (nán) difficult (to...) 呢 (ne) particle indicating that a previously asked question is to be applied to the preceding word ("What about ...?", "And ...?") 能 (Néng) surname Neng 你 (nǐ) you
你叫什么名字? — What is your name?
💡 Contains the "person" radical 亻— a character about a person you're speaking to. 你们 (nǐ men) you (plural) 年 (Nián) surname Nian 您 (nín) you (courteous, as opposed to informal 你) 🥛 牛奶 (niú nǎi) cow's milk 女 (nǚ) female; woman 👧 女儿 (nǚ ér) daughter 女孩儿 (nǚ hái r) erhua variant of 女孩 女朋友 (nǚ péng you) girlfriend 👩 女人 (nǚ rén) woman 女生 (nǚ shēng) schoolgirl; female student 旁边 (páng biān) side; adjacent place 跑 (páo) (of an animal) to paw (the ground) 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 朋友 (péngyou) friend
她是我最好的朋友。 — She is my best friend.
💡 Both characters relate to closeness and companionship. 🎫 票 (piào) ticket; ballot 7️⃣ 七 (qī) seven; 7 起 (qǐ) to rise; to raise 🛏️ 起床 (qǐ chuáng) to get out of bed 🧍 起来 (qǐ lai) to stand up; to get up 🚗 汽车 (qì chē) car; automobile 前 (qián) front; forward 前边 (qián bian) front; the front side 📅 前天 (qián tiān) the day before yesterday 钱 (Qián) surname Qian 钱包 (qián bāo) purse; wallet 请 (qǐng) to ask; to invite 请假 (qǐng jià) to request leave of absence 请进 (qǐng jìn) "please come in" 请问 (qǐng wèn) Excuse me, may I ask...? 请坐 (qǐng zuò) please, have a seat ⚽ 球 (qiú) ball; sphere 去 (qù) to go; to go to (a place) 📅 去年 (qù nián) last year 热 (rè) to warm up; to heat up 人 (rén) person; people 认识 (rèn shi) to know; to recognize 认真 (rèn zhēn) conscientious 日 (Rì) abbr. for 本, Japan 日期 (rì qī) date 🥩 肉 (ròu) meat; flesh 三 (Sān) surname San 山 (Shān) surname Shan 商场 (shāng chǎng) shopping mall 🏪 商店 (shāng diàn) store; shop 上 (shǎng) used in 上声 💼 上班 (shàng bān) to go to work 上边 (shàng bian) the top; above 上车 (shàng chē) to get on or into (a bus, train, car etc) ⏰ 上次 (shàng cì) last time 上课 (shàng kè) to go to class 上网 (shàng wǎng) to go online 🌅 上午 (shàng wǔ) morning 🏫 上学 (shàng xué) to go to school 少 (shǎo) few; less 身上 (shēn shang) on the body; at hand 身体 (shēn tǐ) the body; one's health 什么 (shén me) what?; something 生病 (shēng bìng) to fall ill 😠 生气 (shēng qì) to get angry 🎂 生日 (shēng rì) birthday 🔟 十 (shí) ten; 10 ⏰ 时候 (shí hou) time; length of time ⏰ 时间 (shí jiān) time; period 事 (shì) matter; thing 试 (shì) to test; to try 是 (shì) to be; is/am/are
这是我的书。 — This is my book.
💡 One of the most frequent characters in Chinese — the equivalent of "to be". 是不是 (shì bù shì) is or isn't; yes or no ✋ 手 (shǒu) hand; (formal) to hold 📱 手机 (shǒu jī) cell phone; mobile phone 书 (Shū) abbr. for 书经 书包 (shū bāo) schoolbag; satchel 书店 (shū diàn) bookstore 🌳 树 (shù) tree; to cultivate 谁 (shéi) who; also pr. [shuí] 💧 水 (shuǐ) water
请给我一杯水。 — Please give me a glass of water.
💡 A pictographic character — the strokes resemble flowing water. 🍎 水果 (shuǐ guǒ) fruit 😴 睡 (shuì) to sleep; to lie down 🛏️ 睡觉 (shuì jiào) to go to bed 说 (shuì) to persuade 🗣️ 说话 (shuō huà) to speak; to say 4️⃣ 四 (sì) four; 4 📤 送 (sòng) to send; to deliver; to transmit 📅 岁 (suì) variant of 岁, year 他 (tā) he; him
他是我的朋友。 — He is my friend.
💡 Same sound as 她 (she) — context and the radical tell them apart. 他们 (tā men) they 她 (tā) she 她们 (tā men) they; them (for females) 太 (tài) highest; greatest 天 (tiān) day; sky 🌤️ 天气 (tiān qì) weather 😊 听 (yǐn) smile (archaic) 听到 (tīng dào) to hear 听见 (tīng jiàn) to hear ✍️ 听写 (tīng xiě) (of a pupil) to write down (in a dictation exercise) 📖 同学 (tóng xué) to study at the same school 📚 图书馆 (tú shū guǎn) library 外 (wài) outside; in addition 外边 (wài bian) outside; outer surface 外国 (wài guó) foreign (country) 🗣️ 外语 (wài yǔ) foreign language 🎮 玩儿 (wán r) to play; to have fun 🌆 晚 (wǎn) evening; night 🌆 晚饭 (wǎn fàn) evening meal 🌆 晚上 (wǎn shang) evening; night 网上 (wǎng shàng) online 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 网友 (wǎng yǒu) online friend 忘 (wàng) to forget; to overlook 忘记 (wàng jì) to forget 问 (wèn) to ask; to inquire 我 (wǒ) I; me
我是学生。 — I am a student.
💡 One of the first characters most learners memorize — think of the slanted strokes as arms pointing to "me". 我们 (wǒ men) we; us 5️⃣ 五 (wǔ) five; 5 🍱 午饭 (wǔ fàn) lunch 🧼 洗 (xǐ) to wash; to bathe 洗手间 (xǐ shǒu jiān) toilet; lavatory 👍 喜欢 (xǐhuan) to like
我喜欢学习中文。 — I like studying Chinese.
💡 Softer than 爱 (love) — use 喜欢 for hobbies, food, and things you enjoy. 西 (Xī) the West; abbr. for Spain 牙 🧭 西边 (xī biān) west; west side ⬇️ 下 (xià) down; downwards 下班 (xià bān) to finish work 下边 (xià bian) under; the underside 下车 (xià chē) to get off or out of (a bus, train, car etc) ⏰ 下次 (xià cì) next time 下课 (xià kè) to finish class 🌇 下午 (xià wǔ) afternoon; p.m. 🌧️ 下雨 (xià yǔ) to rain 先 (xiān) early; prior 🧑‍🏫 先生 (xiān sheng) teacher; gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 现在 (xiàn zài) now; at present 🤔 想 (xiǎng) to think (about) 小 (xiǎo) small; tiny 小孩儿 (xiǎo hái r) erhua variant of 小孩 小姐 (xiǎo jie) young lady; miss 🧒 小朋友 (xiǎo péng yǒu) child ⏰ 小时 (xiǎo shí) hour 🏫 小学 (xiǎo xué) elementary school; primary school 🧑‍🎓 小学生 (xiǎo xué shēng) primary school student 笑 (xiào) old variant of 笑 ✍️ 写 (xiě) to write 谢谢 (xièxie) thank you
谢谢你的帮助。 — Thank you for your help.
💡 The character repeats itself — easy to remember as a doubled, emphatic "thanks, thanks". 新 (Xīn) abbr. for Xinjiang 疆 or Singapore 坡 🎊 新年 (xīn nián) New Year 📅 星期 (xīng qī) week; day of the week 星期日 (Xīng qī rì) Sunday 星期天 (Xīng qī tiān) Sunday 行 (háng) row; line 休息 (xiū xi) rest; to rest 📖 学 (xué) to learn; to study 🧑‍🎓 学生 (xuésheng) student
他是一个好学生。 — He is a good student.
💡 学 (study) + 生 (person/life) — a person who studies. 📖 学习 (xuéxí) to study; to learn
我每天学习汉语。 — I study Chinese every day.
💡 学 (learn) + 习 (practice) — learning through repeated practice. 🏫 学校 (xué xiào) school 学院 (xué yuàn) college; educational institute 要 (yāo) (bound form) to demand; to coerce 也 (Yě) surname Ye 🧠 页 (xié) head 👨 爷爷 (yé ye) (coll.) father's father 1️⃣ 一 (yī) one; single 一半 (yī bàn) half 一边 (yī biān) one side; either side 一点儿 (yī diǎn r) erhua variant of 一点 一会儿 (yī huì r) a moment; a while 一块儿 (yī kuài r) erhua variant of 一块 一起 (yī qǐ) in the same place 一下儿 (yī xià r) erhua variant of 一下 一些 (yī xiē) some; a few 一样 (yī yàng) same; like 👕 衣服 (yī fu) clothes 🧑‍⚕️ 医生 (yī shēng) doctor 🏥 医院 (yī yuàn) hospital 用 (yòng) to use; to employ 有 (yǒu) to have; there is 有的 (yǒu de) (there are) some (who are...) 有名 (yǒu míng) famous; well-known 有时 (yǒu shí) sometimes; now and then 有时候 (yǒu shí hou) sometimes 有些 (yǒu xiē) some; somewhat 有一些 (yǒu yī xiē) somewhat; rather 有用 (yǒu yòng) useful ➡️ 右 (yòu) (bound form) right; right-hand side 右边 (yòu bian) right side; right, to the right 🌧️ 雨 (yǔ) rain 元 (Yuán) surname Yuan 远 (yuǎn) far; distant 🌙 月 (yuè) moon; month 再 (zài) again; once more; re- 再见 (zàijiàn) goodbye
明天见,再见! — See you tomorrow, bye!
💡 再 (again) + 见 (see/meet) — "see you again". 在 (zài) to exist; to be alive 🏠 在家 (zài jiā) to be at home 早 (zǎo) early; morning 🍳 早饭 (zǎo fàn) breakfast 🌅 早上 (zǎo shang) early morning 怎么 (zěn me) how?; what? 🚉 站 (zhàn) station; to stand 找 (zhǎo) to try to find 找到 (zhǎo dào) to find 这 (zhè) (pronoun) this; these 这边 (zhè biān) this side; here 这儿 (zhè r) here 这里 (zhè lǐ) variant of 这里 这些 (zhè xiē) these 着 (zhāo) (chess) move 真 (zhēn) really; truly 真的 (zhēn de) really, truly, indeed 📅 正 (zhēng) first month of the lunar year 正在 (zhèng zài) just at (that time) 知道 (zhī dào) to know; to become aware of 知识 (zhī shi) knowledge; intellectual 中 (Zhōng) China; Chinese 中国 (Zhōng guó) China 中间 (zhōng jiān) the middle; the inside 🗣️ 中文 (Zhōng wén) Chinese language 中午 (zhōng wǔ) noon; midday 🏫 中学 (zhōng xué) middle school 🧑‍🎓 中学生 (zhōng xué shēng) middle-school student 重 (chóng) to repeat; repetition 重要 (zhòng yào) important; significant 住 (zhù) to live; to dwell 准备 (zhǔn bèi) preparation; to prepare 🪑 桌子 (zhuō zi) table; desk 字 (zì) letter; symbol 👦 子 (zǐ) son; child 🚶 走 (zǒu) to walk; to go 🚶 走路 (zǒu lù) to walk; to go on foot 最 (zuì) variant of 最 最好 (zuì hǎo) best; (you) had better (do what we suggest) 最后 (zuì hòu) final; last 📅 昨天 (zuó tiān) yesterday 左 (Zuǒ) surname Zuo ⬅️ 左边 (zuǒ bian) left; the left side 坐 (Zuò) surname Zuo 🪑 坐下 (zuò xia) to sit down 做 (zuò) to make; to produce